Researchers used 3D facial analysis to improve surgical decisions for gender-affirming facial surgery.

To validate surgical decisions for gender-affirming facial surgery (GFS), researchers from the UC San Francisco and the University of Calgary set out to quantify the effect of sex on adult facial size and shape through an analysis of 3D facial surface images.

In a study published online in Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine, the investigators undertook a surgically oriented analysis of 3D facial size and shape to quantify and visualize facial sex differences.

Their findings reveal significant differences in both the shape and size of male and female craniofacial features. It provides data-driven anatomic guidance and justification for GFS, particularly for forehead contouring cranioplasty, mandible and chin alterations, rhinoplasty, and cheek modifications.

Gender-affirming facial surgery (GFS) is pursued by transgender individuals who desire facial features that better reflect their gender identity.

There have been few objective guidelines to justify and facilitate effective surgical decision-making for gender-affirming facial surgery.

“Our purpose was to establish an important, definitive, and biologically-based relationship of facial features to sex,” said senior author Rahul Seth, MD, associate professor in the Facial Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery in the UCSF Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. “This empowers the patient to navigate towards a facial appearance that matches with their gender identity, and thereby reduces mis-gendering and gender dysphoria while improving self-perception.”

The researchers determined that, on average, male faces are 7.3% larger than female faces. Sex was associated with significant facial shape differences in the entire face and in each sub-region considered in the study.

The facial regions in which sex has the most significant effect on shape are the brow, jaw, nose, and cheek. The authors provide supportive evidence and guidelines for appropriate alterations of these facial areas for GFS, although each patient’s goals and face are unique.

The researchers obtained facial measurements by applying an atlas facial surface to 3D surface scans of 545 males and 1028 females older than 20 years of age to yield these results. The differences between male and female faces were analyzed and visualized for a set of predefined surgically relevant facial regions.

To analyze the effects of sex on facial size and shape, a variety of facial sub-regions were first specified based on the potential for surgical application and relevance to surgical decision-making and planning.

The regions included both large area sections of the face (cheeks, nose) and axial or sagittal curves. Dense surface-based measurements and comparisons of form, size, and shape were performed for the whole face and facial subregions.

The researchers represented their findings in a “heat map” to show the mean difference between male and female facial shape differences. Using this information, these changes were applied to an example face to demonstrate their validity to “surgically” alter the face along an axis of masculinity and femininity.

While the study provides important differentiators for male and female facial size and shape differences, the results also suggest that in some cases, effective gender modification may be achieved by over-correcting either size or shape. For example, if functional concerns prevent a surgeon from reducing jaw size, it may be ideal to contour the area to be less square, emphasizing a more feminine shape.

The findings of this study provide anatomic rationale and guidance that may enable optimal GFS results for transgender and gender-diverse individuals.

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